Appendix K

3/14/17

SENATE COMMITTEE ON OUTREACH
SENATE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAL EQUITY AND CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT

Office of Educational Equity Middle and High School Pre–College Programs TRIO Upward Bound, Upward Bound Migrant, Upward Bound Math and Science, and Talent Search

(Advisory/Consultative)

Implementation: Upon approval by the President

Prepared by Mickey Bellet, Director, Upward Bound Programs and Stephen Holoviak, Senior Director, EOC and Talent Search Programs

Executive Summary

Penn State has assisted thousands of low–income and potential first–generation college bound middle and high school students through its TRIO Upward Bound, Upward Bound Math and Science (UBMS), and Talent Search programs. These programs work with socioeconomically distressed school districts throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Penn State began this work in 1968 with one Upward Bound program. Today the University has two Upward Bound programs, one UBMS, and three Talent Search programs in operation, with plans to include two more Upward Bound and two more UBMS programs.

The programs are very successful at helping an economically distressed population of talented students increase academic preparedness, graduate from high school, enroll in postsecondary education, and ultimately complete postsecondary education. “Our Commitment to Impact: Penn State’s Strategic Plan for 2016 through 2020” explicitly connects the work of these TRIO programs to the very essence of our University.

The hallmark of the Upward Bound and UBMS programs is a six–week summer residential component where high school students come to Penn State’s University Park campus for an intensive academic program that immerses them in the college environment and culture. Unfortunately, University housing and food service costs are rising so rapidly that we are having to significantly cut the number of students we are able to serve. Specifically, housing and food service costs for these programs have risen 69 percent since 2014, and funding for these programs has increased by a total of only 8.15 percent since 2005.

We surveyed other Upward Bound and UBMS programs around the country and found several examples of institutions that provide housing and food services at reduced rates for these programs because they serve low–income and first–generation students. It is the confluence of this fact, Penn State’s programs’ success, and the programs’ alignment with Penn State’s strategic goals that lead to this report. This report is provided in the spirit of the Supporting Elements of the University strategic plan statement “organizational processes should be driven by strategy, not vice versa.”

Following review and consideration of this report, the Faculty Senate Committee on Outreach and Committee on Educational Equity and Campus Environment recommend that Penn State should review its business practices related to housing and food services for its TRIO Upward Bound and UBMS programs to design a cost structure that:

    • Is specific to these programs that serve low–income and first–generation students;
    • Exemplifies Penn States commitment to this population of students and their communities, as reflected in “Our Commitment to Impact: The Penn State Strategic Plan for 2016 to 2020,” by offering housing and food services at a reduced rate for these programs;
    • Ensures that future changes to housing and food services organizational processes maintain a commitment to affordability for these programs.

History, Background, and Report Objectives

The federal TRIO programs were created as part of Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty (Council for Opportunity in Education (COE), 2017). The first program, Upward Bound, was authorized by the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (COE, 2017). The Higher Education Act of 1965 created Talent Search (COE, 2017). A third program, Special Services for Disadvantaged Students, was added in 1968 (COE, 2017). Very soon thereafter the term TRIO was coined to refer to these programs, credit for originating the term TRIO is difficult to place, but the term has stuck as the accepted label or brand for these programs even though there are currently nine TRIO programs authorized within the Higher Education Act of 1965 as amended by the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008. The UBMS Program was authorized in 1990 (COE, 2017).

The programs are designed to address the social, cultural, and structural barriers to educational achievement created by poverty (low–income status) and a student’s status as a potential first–generation college student (Code of Federal Regulations 34 CFR 643.1–643.32, 645.1–645.43). Low–income individual is defined statutorily as “an individual from a family whose taxable income for the preceding year did not exceed 150 percent of an amount equal to the poverty level determined by using criteria of poverty established by the Bureau of the Census” (20 USC Chapter 28, Subchapter IV, Part A Section 107a–11(h) (4)). First–generation college student is likewise defined as “an individual both of whose parents did not complete a baccalaureate degree; or in the case of any individual who regularly resided with and received support from only one parent, an individual whose only such parent did not complete a baccalaureate degree” (20 USC Chapter 28, Subchapter IV, Part A Section 107a–11(h) (3)).

Funding for the programs is awarded through a competitive grant process. Successful applicants receive a five–year award. At the end of each five–year period, all existing programs that wish to continue, along with any prospective new programs compete together for the next round of awards. The process and requirements for awarding these grants is detailed in 34 CFR 643.20–643.24 and 34CFR 645.30–645.35.

For this report, we will focus on the Upward Bound, UBMS, and Talent Search programs. Following the more general discussion of background and purpose of the programs we will provide a detailed discussion of Penn State’s experience and success administering these programs. We have five principle objectives that have informed this report:

  1. To increase awareness of Penn State’s long and successful history of partnerships with school districts across the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to provide services to low–income and potential first–generation college students in middle and high school.
  1. To show the evolution of these efforts through the increasing commitment of Penn State to continue to compete for their existing programs, and new program grants.
  1. To provide data summarizing program outcomes.
  1. To make clear the direct linkages that exist with “Our Commitment to Impact: Penn State’s Strategic Plan for 2016 through 2020” and the efforts undertaken through these TRIO programs.
  1. To raise awareness of the impact that rapidly increasing housing and food service costs are having on Penn State’s TRIO programs’ ability to keep their commitments to the vulnerable populations they serve.

Program Descriptions and Purpose

Upward Bound – “The Upward Bound Program provides Federal grants to projects designed to generate in program participants the skills and motivation necessary to complete a program of secondary education and to enter and succeed in a program of postsecondary education” (34 CFR 645.1(a). Grantees must certify that “at least two–thirds of project participants are both low–income and potential first–generation college students” (34 CFR 645.21(a)(1)). “The remaining third must be low–income, potential first–generation college students, or individuals who have a high risk for academic failure” (34 CFR 645.21(a)(2)).

Upward Bound Math and Science – The purpose is identical to Upward Bound with the caveat that the programs are specifically designed to “prepare high school students for postsecondary education programs that lead to careers in the fields of math and science” (34 CFR 645.10(b)). Grantees must certify that at least two–thirds of project participants are both low–income and potential first–generation college students (34 CFR 645.21(b)(1)). “The remaining participants will be either low–income individuals or potential first–generation college students” (34 CFR 645.21(b)(2)).

The signature programming component for both Upward Bound and UBMS programs involves conducting a six–week summer residential program. We bring participating students to Penn State’s University Park campus for intensive academic programing while immersing them into the college environment and culture (see 34 CFR 645.13 and 34 CFR 645.14).

Talent Search – “The Talent Search Program provides grants for projects designed to: (a) Identify qualified youth with potential for education at the postsecondary level and encourage them to complete secondary school and undertake a program of postsecondary education; (b) Publicize the availability of, and facilitate the application for, student financial assistance for persons who seek to pursue postsecondary education; and (c) Encourage persons who have not completed education programs at the secondary or postsecondary level to enter or reenter and complete these programs” (34 CFR 643.1). Grantees must certify that at least two–thirds of participants served are both low–income and potential first–generation college students (34 CFR 643.11(a)).

We apply a service model for Penn State’s Talent Search programs that involves embedding program counselors within the partner school districts. This model allows for much more intensive service delivery over traditional Talent Search programs that typically assign a counselor to multiple schools and employ a drive–in–and–out approach to service delivery.

Penn State’s Current Programs and Prospective Programs 

Currently, Penn State has three funded Talent Search, two funded Upward Bound, and one funded UBMS programs in operation. Table 1 shows these six programs, the year they began at Penn State, grade levels served, and partner school districts.

Table 1. Currently Funded Penn State Programs

ProgramStart YearGradesSchool District Partners
Upward Bound (UB)19689–12Mifflin County, Moshannon Valley, Mount Union, Newport, Steelton–Highspire, West Branch
Talent Search Western PA (TS–WP)19926–12Aliquippa, Clairton, Farrell, New Castle, New Kensington–Arnold, Sharon
Upward Bound Math and Science (UBMS)19939–12Harrisburg, Reading
Talent Search York (TS–YK)20066–12York City
Upward Bound Migrant (UBM)20129–12Hazleton, Lebanon, Reading
Talent Search McKeesport (TS–MK)20166–12McKeesport

Penn State is also currently competing for two additional Upward Bound and two additional UBMS programs. Tables 2 and 3 provide details about these prospective programs. Table 4 shows the number of students funded to serve, annual funding amounts, and maximum per student cost for each of the six currently funded programs.

Table 2. Potential New Penn State Programs Awaiting Grant Competition Results

ProgramMonth/Year
Grant Submitted
Grades
Served
School District Partners
Upward Bound AltoonaDecember 20169–12Altoona
Upward Bound ChambersburgDecember 20166–12Chambersburg

Table 3. Potential New Penn State Programs Awaiting Grant RFP Submission Date

ProgramAnticipated Submission DateGrades ServedSchool District Partners
Upward Bound Math and Science HazletonFebruary or March 20179–12Hazleton
Upward Bound Math and Science Western PAFebruary or March 20176–12Clairton, McKeesport

Table 4. Current Penn State Programs Annual Funding, Minimum Numbers of Students Funded to Serve, and Cost per Participant

ProgramMin. # of Students Funded AnnuallyAnnual Funding ($)Maximum Cost per Participant ($), per year
Upward Bound116$499,843$4,309
Talent Search Western PA947454,560480
Upward Bound Math and Science73310,8564,258
Talent Search York500240,000480
Upward Bound Migrant60257,5004,292
Talent Search McKeesport500240,000480
Totals2,196$2,002,759-

Data and Performance Outcomes for Penn State’s Currently Funded Programs

Annually, we are required to report to the U.S. Department of Education Penn State’s performance on specific program objectives. The measures include high school GPA, state assessment performance, high school retention and graduation, postsecondary college enrollment and completion. The following data summarizes how the Upward Bound, Upward Bound Migrant, Upward Bound Math and Science, and Talent Search programs performed.

Table 5 provides the percentage of participants served during the reporting period who had a cumulative GPA of 2.5 or better on a four–point scale at the end of the school year over the past three years. This is not applicable for the Talent Search programs.

Table 5. Academic Performance – GPA

ProgramApproved
Objective: GPA
2013-14 rate2014-15 rate2015-16 rate
UB75%78%76%84%
UBM75%71%64%84%
UBMS75%77%91%90%
TS All 3N/AN/AN/AN/A

Table 6 identifies the percentage of seniors served during the project year who achieved at the proficient level on state assessments in reading/language arts and math, but it is not applicable for the Talent Search programs for the past three reporting years.

Table 6. Academic Performance on Standardized Tests

ProgramApproved objective 2013–14 rate 2014–15 rate 2015–16 rate
UB60%58%94% 96%
UBM45%45%83%92%
UBMS50%69%63%50%
TS All 3N/A N/AN/AN/A

Table 7 provides the percentage of participants served during the reporting period who continued in school for the next academic year at the next grade level, or who graduated from secondary school. Talent Search McKeesport is in its first year of operation, and so we do not have reportable outcomes yet. Table 7 details program performance for the past three years.

Table 7. Secondary School Retention and Graduation

ProgramApproved objective 2013–14 rate 2014–15 rate 2015–16 rate
UB90%99% 95%86%
UBM75%98%100%99%
UBMS80%100%99%63%
TS–WP95%99%99%99%
TS–YK85%100%97%98%
TS–MK85%N/A N/AN/A

Table 8 provides the percentage of participants graduating from high school during the program year with a regular secondary school diploma. This objective applies only to Talent Search programs. Talent Search McKeesport is in its first year of operation so we do not yet have reportable outcomes. Table 8 details program performance for the past three reporting years.

Table 8. Secondary School Graduation: Regular Secondary School Program of Study

ProgramApproved objective 2013–14 rate 2014–15 rate 2015–16 rate
TS–WP95%99%100% 99%
TS–YK80%100%98% 97%
TS–MK80%N/A N/AN/A
UB both & UBMSN/A N/AN/AN/A

In table 9, we supply the percentage of participants, having graduated from high school during the school year, who completed a rigorous secondary school program of study (colloquially, college–prep curriculum). Talent Search McKeesport is in its first year of operation so we do not yet have reportable outcomes. Table 9 details program performance for the past three years.

Table 9. Secondary School Graduation: Rigorous Secondary School Program of Study

ProgramApproved objective 2013–14 rate 2014–15 rate 2015–16 rate
UB65%87%98%86%
UBM61%80% 94%96%
UBMS75%92%84%68%
TS–WP65%91% 77%76%
TS–YK75%71% 78%78%
TS–MK50%N/AN/AN/A

Table 10 identifies the percentage of current and prior participants, having graduated high school during the school year, who enrolled in a program of postsecondary education by the fall term immediately following high school graduation, or who were accepted for deferred enrollment in the next academic semester. Talent Search McKeesport is in its first year of operation so we do not yet have reportable outcomes. Table 10 details program performance for the past three reporting years.

Table 10. Enrollment in Postsecondary Education by Fall Immediately Following Graduation.

ProgramApproved objective 2013–14 rate 2014–15 rate 2015–16 rate
UB60%74%76%86%
UBM60%85%78%89%
UBMS80%100%88% 77%
TS–WP75%78% 78%80%
TS–YK75%79%78%55%
TS–MK70%N/AN/AN/A

In the final table in this section we present the percentage of participants having enrolled in postsecondary education in the fall immediately following high school graduation who attained either an associate or bachelor’s degree within six years. Upward Bound Migrant was funded in 2012 so we do not yet have a six-year graduation cohort to report. Likewise, this objective for Talent Search was added in the 2011 competition so none of the three Talent Search programs have a six-year graduation cohort to report for this objective. Table 11 details program performance for the past three reporting years.

Table 11. Postsecondary Education Completion

ProgramApproved objective 2013–14 rate 2014–15 rate 2015–16 rate
UB66%37%57% 55%
UBM45%N/A N/A N/A
UBMS80%83%48% 42%
TS–WP45%N/A N/A N/A
TS–YK40%N/A N/A N/A
TS–MK40%N/A N/A N/A

Supportive Data and Case Studies for Upward Bound and UBMS

The performance data just presented, though important, only tells a part of the story. What gives these numbers life, and makes them truly impressive is the context within which they were achieved. In this section we will highlight two of the communities within which our program students live. The struggles our students face growing up in these communities exist in all of the areas served by Penn State’s TRIO programs. We will also spotlight a few students in an effort to tell small portions of their stories, and provide you context and texture to complement the above–presented data.

Penn State’s Upward Bound Programs work in a dozen communities across the state, including Reading, which hosts both Penn State’s Upward Bound Program serving only migrant students and our Upward Bound Math and Science Program. Reading has been a high need community since manufacturing moved out in the 1970s. The recent recession, limited jobs, and failing infrastructure has added to its struggles. In 2011, it was named the poorest city (over 65,000) in the U.S.; and in 2009 and 2014, it had the distinction of being the fifth most dangerous midsized city in the country: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/us/reading–pa–tops–list–poverty–list–census–shows.html. http://www.infoplease.com/us/cities/safest–dangerous–cities.html. One hundred percent of students in the Reading School District receive free lunch. Just over 55 percent of individuals residing in the city live below 150 percent of the poverty level. More than 36 percent of the population do not have a high school diploma and only 8.4 percent have a bachelor’s degree. In 2014–15, 779 of 17,303 students in the Reading School District were homeless. The average composite SAT score of Reading School District high school students is 810 (for comparison, Penn State’s University Park campus enrollees’ average is 1240–1410); the district spends $3,300 less than the state average per pupil, underfunding each classroom by more than $64,000 annually.

Mount Union, located in neighboring Huntingdon County, is another district included in the Upward Bound family of schools. A high percentage of persons in rural Mount Union (34.3 percent) live in poverty, with income levels below 150 percent of the poverty level. Nearly 65 percent of students qualify for free lunch. Educational attainment in the town of Mount Union is also staggeringly low. While over 85 percent of residents 25 years old in the district have earned a high school diploma, college going and college completion are devastatingly low; 92 percent are without a bachelor’s degree. In the high school, only 44 percent take the SAT, with a composite score of 910 (Penn State students score 1240–1410 at entry). Sadly, only 36 percent of Mount Union high school graduates enroll in college. This district too, spends almost $3,000 less than the state average per pupil. Gangs, opioid abuse, and long–standing hate group activity is also prevalent.

But the news is not totally bad. Across all three Upward Bound Programs, alumni participants are attending and persisting in postsecondary education at a rate much higher than those in their communities. Eighty–four percent entered college immediately following high school graduation, compared to 40 percent of their peers. While most enroll at Penn State (UB – 26.14 percent; UBM – 31.37 percent; UBMS – 10.4 percent), Penn State’s Upward Bound Program students are also attending community colleges in their home towns (RACC, HACC, LCCC, CCP); private schools including Bucknell, Duquesne, American, Georgetown, and Carnegie Mellon; HBCUs (Alabama State, Howard, Clark Atlanta, Neumann, and Lincoln); the Ivies (Cornell and Penn); and schools in California (USC), New Mexico (UNM), Coastal Carolina, the New England Conservatory of Music, and the University of Maine. The average post–secondary graduation rate of UB students (57 percent) is much higher than district, state and national averages. Data from 2011 shows that only 27.9 percent of the 2011 US cohort graduated within 150 percent of normal time from a two–year institution and 39.8 percent of the 2008 cohort graduated within four years at a four–year institution (http://collegecompletion.chronicle.com/). A snapshot of UB students may help better paint the picture of student success.

In numerous foster care placements since birth, Marc R. was adopted at age 12 and moved from Philadelphia to Mount Union (Huntingdon County). He joined UB as a ninth grader in 2005 and attended three summer programs before graduating from Mount Union HS in 2008. He graduated from Penn State in 2012 with a degree in finance and currently works as an education savings specialist supervisor at Vanguard. He serves as a Big Brother and returns regularly to Mount Union to mentor students and assist in UB recruiting.

April S. is a wildlife biologist aide with the Pennsylvania Game Commission, coordinating field work for white–tailed deer research. A 2010 graduate of West Branch (Clearfield County) High School, April earned her associate degree in Wildlife Technology from Penn State DuBois in 2013 then transitioned to University Park, completed a field study abroad in Tanzania, Africa, and graduated with a B.S. in Wildlife and Fisheries Science in 2015. She attended the UB six–week residential program, which convinced her to attend college. She is featured on the Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences website where she credits her Upward Bound experience as an important component in her success. The article can be accessed at the following link: http://ecosystems.psu.edu/majors/wfs/careers/wildlife–biologist–pa–game–commission

Sixty–nine UB Migrant students have graduated from high school since the program’s funding began in 2012. Of that group, 77 percent remain in colleges and institutions across the state and as far away as Puerto Rico. Among them are two UBM women — both daughters of migrant mushroom laborers from Reading, Pennsylvania, — who will graduate from Lehigh University in May in pursuit of medical degrees. Thirty–one percent of UBM students attend Penn State — at University Park, Berks, Hazleton, and Mont Alto campuses. These are but a few of the students who attended postsecondary education against overwhelming odds. A large number go on to attend Penn State. Any investment in summer housing and food service costs for these programs is arguably an investment in Penn State itself.

Additionally, Penn State’s TRIO programs continue to support the engaged scholarship of both graduate and undergraduate students at the University.  In any given year, Educational Equity’s pre-college TRIO programs provide up to three graduate assistantships, eight work study positions, ten to fifteen residential staff positions for the summer program, one policy intern from the College of Education, and up to four counseling interns.

Linkages With Penn State’s Strategic Plan 2016 Through 2020

As indicated previously in this report, the schools served by Penn State’s TRIO programs are located in communities that have experienced tremendous economic decline. As a result, very large numbers of children in these school districts are living in poverty. The schools themselves struggle with student retention, graduation, and postsecondary placement that is far below more affluent districts within the Commonwealth.

It is this tremendous need that led the University to work toward improving the educational prospects for children through the TRIO programs. Woven into every section of “Our Commitment to Impact: Penn State’s Strategic Plan for 2016 through 2020” is the explicit principle that the work undertaken by these programs is a fundamental part of the very essence of the University.

The University mission statement invokes Penn State’s status as Pennsylvania’s land–grant university and states that “we provide unparalleled access to education and public service to support the citizens of the Commonwealth and beyond.”  Penn State’s institutional values include the value of “community,” and explains how “we work together for the betterment of our University, the communities we serve, and the world.”  It is easy to place the work of Upward Bound, Upward Bound Math and Science, and Talent Search within the mission and values of Penn State.

Furthermore, as discussed in the strategic plan, the University considers “enabling access to education” as foundational. The University identified foundations to underscore what is “integral to everything Penn State does and will be essential to implementing this strategic plan.”  You can almost hear the voices of our TRIO students in this excerpt that outlines the “enabling access to education” foundation. “Many factors contribute to the ability to earn a Penn State degree, and we must address them all if we are to increase access, especially for populations that have historically had barriers to entry.”

Another area of the strategic plan that is suggestive of the importance of these programs is the thematic priority of “Transforming Education.”  Within this priority the University again invokes its land–grant mission and places it in “a 21st century context.”  One of the key components of this thematic priority is to “partner more effectively with pre–college educators.”  Penn State’s TRIO programs have been advancing this priority for forty-eight years and as the above data attest, we have achieved considerable success. Unfortunately, the rapid rate with which housing and food service costs are rising is creating difficulty for our Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math and Science programs, threatening this success and sustainability. Additional, detailed information is provided in the next section.

Impact of Rapidly Rising Housing and Food Service Costs on Upward Bound, Upward Bound Migrant, and Upward Bound Math and Science Programs

The room and board costs associated with Penn State’s Upward Bound and Upward Bound Migrant programs’ six-week summer program have increased over 69 percent since 2014. This is of particular concern given that funding for both of these grants has only increased by 8.15 percent in total from 2005 to 2017. As a consequence of this disparity, we have had to reduce significantly the number of students who participate in the summer experience at Penn State. In the last three years, the total number of students participating in the summer experience decreased over 21 percent. Table 12 details these figures for 2014 through 2017.

Table 12. Housing and Food Service Costs on Upward Bound, Upward Bound Migrant, and Upward Bound Math and Science Programs.

-2014201520162017Totals%
Change
2014-2017
Room & Board Cost/Student$1,413.11$1,840.03$2,019.70$2,377.19N/A+69.8%
# Students Served807263N/A215–21.3%
Total Paid to Penn State Conference Services$113,048.80$132,482.16$127,241.10N/A$372,772.06N/A

Penn State’s UBMS program is experiencing similar challenges with these rising costs. The base grant has seen only a 4.65 percent increase in total funding from 2005 to 2017. We have had to cut the number of students who are able to participate in the summer experience from forty-seven in 2014 to thirty-six in 2016.

As we took time to explore options for addressing the issue of these rising costs, we surveyed some of our peers at other institutions to see how this situation is being addressed in other programs. Here are some of the ways other institutions are addressing this issue:

  • Indiana University – Housing offered at a 33 percent discounted rate to TRIO programs. Full cost of meals charged for meals actually eaten. The University provides the funds for the discount.
  • West Virginia University – TRIO programs receive a 29 percent discounted rate for housing and food services.
  • North Carolina A&T State University – Housing offered at a flat rate for the duration of the five–year grant cycle for TRIO programs. Currently represents a 54 percent discount from the regular rates. Full cost of meals charged.
  • Kennesaw State University – TRIO programs receive a 28 percent discount on housing and a 33 percent discount on food.
  • University of Akron – TRIO programs receive a 64 percent discount on room charges and a $1.50 discount per day per student for food.
  • Wichita State University – TRIO programs receive a 54 percent discount on room charges and pay the full cost for meals.

This list, though not comprehensive, provides some idea of the manner in which other universities are supporting the work of their TRIO programs. We will continue to reach out to other institutions for information.

Recommendation

The Faculty Senate Committee on Outreach and Committee on Educational Equity and Campus Environment recommend that Penn State should review its business practices related to housing and food services for its TRIO Upward Bound and UBMS programs to design a cost structure that:

  • Is specific to these programs that serve low–income and first-generation students;
  • Exemplifies Penn States commitment to this population of students and their communities, as reflected in “Our Commitment to Impact: The Penn State Strategic Plan for 2016 to 2020,” by offering housing and food services at a reduced rate for these programs; and
  • Ensures that future changes to housing and food services organizational processes maintain a commitment to affordability for these programs.

SENATE COMMITTEE ON OUTREACH

  • Richard Brown
  • Dennis Calvin
  • Anne Douds
  • Jill Eckert
  • Renata Engel
  • Terry Harrison
  • Alex Hristov
  • Beth King, Vice-Chair
  • Lisa Mangel
  • John Potochny
  • Rama Radhakrishna
  • Elizabeth Seymour, Chair
  • Jonathan Stephens
  • Cristina Truica

SENATE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAL EQUITY AND CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT

  • Kimberly Blockett
  • Denise Bortree
  • Julia Bryan, Vice Chair
  • Dwight Davis
  • Erinn Finke
  • Timothy Lawlor
  • Robert Loeb, Chair
  • John Malchow
  • Adam Malek
  • Karyn McKinney
  • Dara Purvis
  • Eileen Trauth
  • Marcus Whitehurst

References

Council for Opportunity in Education — TRIO. (n.d.). Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://www.coenet.org/trio.shtml.

ECFR — Code of Federal Regulations. (n.d.). Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi–bin/text–idx?SID=66232ebc6c3cd264abb5f8ad837ab779&mc=true&tpl=%2Fecfrbrowse%2FTitle34%2F34cfr645_main_02.tpl

Graduation Rates and Data for 3,800 Colleges. (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://collegecompletion.chronicle.com/

Infoplease. (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://www.infoplease.com/us/cities/safest–dangerous–cities.html

Our Commitment to Impact The Pennsylvania State University’s Strategic Plan for 2016 to 2020. (n.d.). Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://strategicplan.psu.edu/

Tavernise, S. (2011, September 26). Reading, PA., Knew It Was Poor. Now It Knows Just How Poor. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/us/reading–pa–tops–list–poverty–list–census–shows.html

Wildlife Biologist Aide, PA Game Commission (Wildlife and Fisheries Science Major). (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://ecosystems.psu.edu/majors/wfs/careers/wildlife–biologist–pa–game–commission

20 USC CHAPTER 28, SUBCHAPTER IV, Part A: federal early outreach and student services programs. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/trio/statute–trio–gu.pdf.